你不知道的英国！🤩Part 1：英国经济economics

Overview / 简介

London is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just over 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in southeast England at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) estuary down to the North Sea. 

伦敦是英国和英国的首都，人口超过900万。它位于英格兰东南部的泰晤士河上，位于北海50英里（80公里）河口的顶端。

In addition, it is the world’s largest financial center, controlling 45% of the world’s foreign exchange transactions and the pricing power of commodities such as gold, silver, and crude oil.

此外，它是世界上最大的金融中心，控制着全球45%的外汇交易以及黄金、白银和原油等商品的定价权。

It is also the world’s largest banking, insurance, futures, and shipping center. The average daily foreign exchange transaction volume in London is as high as the US $2.7 trillion, ranking first in the world, and the total wealth of residents ranks second in the world. More than half of the top 100 British companies and more than 100 top 500 European companies have their headquarters in London. The London Stock Exchange is one of the most important securities trading centers in the world.

它也是世界上最大的银行、保险、期货和航运中心。伦敦日均外汇交易量高达2.7万亿美元，居世界第一，居民财富总量居世界第二。在英国100强企业和100多家欧洲500强企业中，超过一半的企业总部位于伦敦。伦敦证券交易所是世界上最重要的证券交易中心之一。

英国经济大事记

1）2008年金融危机

In 2008, Britain fell into recession caused by the world financial crisis. This is the longest and worst recession since World War II.

2008年，世界经济和金融危机席卷全球，英国也未能幸免。这是二战以来英国最长、最严重的经济衰退。

In January 2008, the FTSE 100 fell by 5.5%.

2008年1月，富时100指数下跌5.5%。

In April 2008, Persimmon, one of the largest housebuilders in the UK, announced major cutbacks.The deteriorating housing market had seen sales fall by 20% that year, and they were attempting to limit their losses. 

2008年4月，英国最大的房屋建筑商之一柿子公司宣布大幅裁员。那一年，不断恶化的房地产市场销售额下降了20%，他们正试图限制损失。

In an attempt to stimulate growth, the government cut the rate for VAT in November 2008. However, by that time house prices had fallen by 10.5%. Between January and December, the FTSE 100 had dropped by 31.3%. 

为了刺激经济增长，政府在2008年11月降低了增值税税率。然而，到那时房价已经下跌了10.5%。1月至12月，富时100指数下跌了31.3%。

2）英国脱欧

After the Brexit announcement, the pound fell to a 31-year low against the dollar. The Bank of England cut interest rates to a record low of 0.25%.

在英国宣布脱欧之后，英镑兑美元汇率跌至31年低点。英国央行将利率下调至0.25%的历史新低。

Before brexit, Britain was a model of a developed economy that was most open to immigration and foreign direct investment, and its trade volume accounted for a considerable proportion of GDP. After brexit, Britain is the country with the lowest degree of openness to trade in the EU economy, and is at a low level in the sample of foreign direct investment and immigration. Compared with the free Pacific economy, the trade performance of Britain after brexit is good, but it is no longer the leader of foreign direct investment and immigration growth.

在英国脱欧之前，英国是对移民和外国直接投资最开放的发达经济体的典范，贸易额占GDP的比例相当大。脱欧后，英国是欧盟经济体中对贸易开放程度最低的国家，在外国直接投资和移民样本中处于较低水平。与自由太平洋经济体相比，英国脱欧后的贸易表现良好，但它不再是外国直接投资和移民增长的领导者。

3）新冠疫情

In March 2020, under the influence of the global COVID-19, the UK took epidemic prevention measures to implement a temporary ban on nonessential businesses. To save the market, the Bank of England cut interest rates to a record low of 0.1%. However, the economic growth of the UK has been weak before the epidemic. By May 2020, 23% of the British labor force has lost employment opportunities, and the negative growth of GDP is as high as 9.9%. 

2020年3月，在全球2019冠状病毒疾病的影响下，英国采取了防疫措施，对非必要业务实施临时禁令。为了挽救市场，英格兰银行将利率降至0.1%的历史新低。然而，在疫情爆发之前，英国的经济增长一直疲软，截至2020年5月，英国23%的劳动力失去了就业机会，GDP负增长高达9.9%。

Conclusion/总结

As an important trading entity, economic power, and financial center, Britain is the fifth largest economic system in the world and one of the richest, most developed, and highest living standards countries in the world. Over the past three decades, the government has significantly reduced state assets and slowed the development of social welfare programs.

英国作为重要的贸易实体、经济大国和金融中心，是世界第五大经济体系，也是世界上最富有、最发达和生活水平最高的国家之一。在过去的三十年里，政府大幅减少了国有资产，减缓了社会福利项目的发展。