{"id":525,"date":"2022-08-04T15:05:51","date_gmt":"2022-08-04T07:05:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ourtheme.cn\/?p=525"},"modified":"2022-08-11T15:06:03","modified_gmt":"2022-08-11T07:06:03","slug":"ocean-lab-activity-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ourtheme.cn\/index.php\/2022\/08\/04\/ocean-lab-activity-1\/","title":{"rendered":"#OCEAN\u00a0LAB\u00a0ACTIVITY 1"},"content":{"rendered":"

OCEAN<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0LAB<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0ACTIVITY<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n

HOW<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0DOES<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0SALINITY<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0AND<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0TEMPERATURE\u00a0<\/b><\/strong>CHANGE<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0WITH<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0WATER<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0DEPTH<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0OVER<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0TIME<\/b><\/strong>?<\/b><\/strong><\/h5>\n
    \n
  • Fundamental<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0concept<\/b><\/strong>:<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0Describe\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0how\u00a0\u00a0temperature\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0and\u00a0\u00a0salinity\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0relate\u00a0\u00a0to\u00a0\u00a0density stratification,\u00a0depth\u00a0and\u00a0stability\u00a0of\u00a0water\u00a0masses\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0ocean.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    The density of seawater increases as the temperature decreases but salinity increases.\u00a0The temperature decreases as the depth increases (getting colder). The salinity increases as the depth increases.\u00a0The seawater with higher density is colder than the seawater with lower density. Density increases as depth increases. (stability)<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    The\u00a0ocean\u00a0is\u00a0layered\u00a0like\u00a0a\u00a0cake\u00a0according\u00a0to\u00a0differences\u00a0in\u00a0temperature\u00a0and\u00a0salinity.\u00a0Temperature\u00a0and\u00a0salinity\u00a0are\u00a0important\u00a0oceanographic\u00a0parameters\u00a0that\u00a0play\u00a0a\u00a0vital\u00a0role\u00a0in driving\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0ocean\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0circulation\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0and\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0the\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0movement\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0of\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0heat\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0energy\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0around\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0the\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0globe.\u00a0Understanding\u00a0\u00a0properties\u00a0\u00a0that\u00a0\u00a0control\u00a0\u00a0the\u00a0\u00a0formation\u00a0\u00a0and\u00a0\u00a0movement\u00a0\u00a0of\u00a0these\u00a0\u00a0different layers\u00a0can\u00a0give\u00a0us\u00a0insight\u00a0into\u00a0the\u00a0effect\u00a0of\u00a0ocean\u00a0circulation\u00a0on\u00a0primary\u00a0productivity\u00a0.<\/p>\n

    The\u00a0\u00a0layering\u00a0\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0\u00a0ocean\u00a0\u00a0(and\u00a0the\u00a0\u00a0differences\u00a0\u00a0in\u00a0\u00a0temperature\u00a0\u00a0and\u00a0\u00a0salinity) \u00a0occur\u00a0\u00a0in response\u00a0to\u00a0processes\u00a0that\u00a0occur\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0surface\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0ocean\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0result\u00a0of\u00a0seasonal change.\u00a0\u00a0The\u00a0\u00a0processes\u00a0\u00a0include\u00a0\u00a0the\u00a0\u00a0gain\u00a0\u00a0or\u00a0\u00a0loss\u00a0\u00a0of\u00a0\u00a0heat, \u00a0increase\u00a0\u00a0in\u00a0\u00a0evaporation\u00a0\u00a0or precipitation, freezing\u00a0and\u00a0thawing\u00a0of\u00a0sea\u00a0\u00a0ice, \u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0\u00a0increase\u00a0\u00a0in\u00a0wind\u00a0strength\u00a0\u00a0and storms\u00a0that\u00a0are\u00a0associated\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0change\u00a0of\u00a0seasons. We\u00a0can\u00a0\u201csee\u201d the\u00a0ocean\u00a0layers by\u00a0measuring\u00a0temperature\u00a0and\u00a0salinity\u00a0with\u00a0depth\u00a0and\u00a0can\u00a0make\u00a0inferences\u00a0about\u00a0the processes\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0ocean\u00a0surface\u00a0by\u00a0observing\u00a0how\u00a0temperature\u00a0and\u00a0salinity\u00a0change\u00a0over time\u00a0at\u00a0a\u00a0location.<\/p>\n

    Stratification\u00a0describes\u00a0the\u00a0layering\u00a0of\u00a0water\u00a0properties\u00a0relative\u00a0to\u00a0depth.\u00a0<\/u>Layers<\/u>\u00a0<\/u>where properties<\/u>\u00a0\u00a0<\/u>are<\/u>\u00a0\u00a0<\/u>changing<\/u>\u00a0\u00a0<\/u>rapidly<\/u>\u00a0<\/u>with<\/u>\u00a0\u00a0<\/u>depth<\/u>\u00a0\u00a0<\/u>are<\/u>\u00a0\u00a0<\/u>called<\/u>\u00a0\u00a0\u201c<\/u>clines<\/u>\u201d<\/u>\u00a0, \u00a0so\u00a0where\u00a0\u00a0temperature changes\u00a0\u00a0quickly\u00a0is\u00a0the\u00a0thermocline, where\u00a0\u00a0salinity\u00a0\u00a0changes\u00a0fast\u00a0\u00a0is\u00a0the\u00a0\u00a0halocline, \u00a0and where\u00a0density\u00a0changes\u00a0rapidly\u00a0is\u00a0the\u00a0pycnocline. Oftentimes, there\u00a0are\u00a0regions\u00a0where there\u00a0is\u00a0no\u00a0change\u00a0with\u00a0depth, and\u00a0these\u00a0are\u00a0called\u00a0mixed\u00a0layers.<\/p>\n

    In\u00a0this\u00a0activity, you\u00a0will\u00a0explore\u00a0how\u00a0the\u00a0layering\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0ocean\u00a0at\u00a0one\u00a0location\u00a0changes over\u00a0the\u00a0course\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0year.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    Interpretation\u00a0Questions:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

      \n
    • Does\u00a0the\u00a0depth\u00a0range\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0thermocline, halocline, and\u00a0surface\u00a0mixed\u00a0layer change\u00a0throughout\u00a0the\u00a0year\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0seasons? If\u00a0so, how?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Yes. The thermocline will appear in spring and be evident during the summer, weakens in autumn, and finally almost disappears in winter. The thermocline in summer is the deepest, and winter is the shallowest. The halocline will change with temperature and depth. The surface mixed layer will also change with the sea surface temperature.<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Application<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0Question<\/b><\/strong>:<\/b><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

        \n
      • Suggest\u00a0an\u00a0explanation\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0differences\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0depth\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0thermocline\u00a0and\u00a0the surface\u00a0mixed\u00a0layer\u00a0between\u00a0the\u00a0summer\u00a0and\u00a0winter.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        The thermocline is an oceanic layer where water temperature decreases as the depth increases. During the summertime, the weather is warmer, so the sea surface absorbs many heats causing the sea surface\u2019s temperature increases. (the seawater is also less dense) While in the winter, the climate is much colder than in summer, so the sea surface is very cold. Since <\/b><\/strong>the sea surface already has a cold surface, and the thermocline is the layer that water temperature decreases as the depth increases, the thermocline in winter is less deep than in summer.<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/b><\/strong>The mixed layer does not change with depth. The mixed layer is deeper in winter than in summer. Because in the winter, the sea surface is cold, the seawater temperature can be constantly cold from the surface to a deeper area. But, in the summertime there\u2019s an obvious change in seawater temperature in a different layer.<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n

          \n
        • Describe\u00a0how\u00a0the\u00a0seasonal\u00a0thermocline\u00a0changes\u00a0during\u00a0the\u00a0year\u00a0at\u00a0a\u00a0temperate location.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          The seasonal thermocline changes during the year at a temperate region can be very conspicuous. Because the temperate location has 4 different seasons that have obvious features. The thermocline <\/b><\/strong>will<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0appear in spring and be evident during the summer, weakens in autumn, and finally almost disappears in winter.<\/b><\/strong>
          <\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n

          Reflection<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0Questions<\/b><\/strong>:<\/b><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

            \n
          • \u00a0 Primaryproductionin\u00a0the\u00a0ocean\u00a0is\u00a0limited\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0euphotic\u00a0zone\u00a0\u2013 the\u00a0layer\u00a0of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0seawater\u00a0that\u00a0receives\u00a0enough\u00a0sunlight\u00a0for\u00a0photosynthesis\u00a0to\u00a0occur. The\u00a0depth\u00a0of\u00a0the euphotic\u00a0zone\u00a0varies\u00a0with\u00a0season\u00a0and\u00a0location, from\u00a0a\u00a0few\u00a0meters\u00a0in\u00a0coastal\u00a0waters \u00a0\u00a0to\u00a0100s\u00a0of\u00a0meters\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0tropical\u00a0open\u00a0ocean. Phytoplankton, the\u00a0group\u00a0of\u00a0organisms responsible\u00a0for\u00a0most\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0photosynthesis\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0ocean, are\u00a0drifters\u00a0and\u00a0unable\u00a0to \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0swim\u00a0against\u00a0ocean\u00a0currents\u00a0or\u00a0between\u00a0strong\u00a0gradients\u00a0in\u00a0density.\u00a0These \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0organisms\u00a0are\u00a0therefore\u00a0mixed\u00a0throughout\u00a0seawater\u00a0layers\u00a0such\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0surface \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0mixed\u00a0layer.<\/li>\n
          • How would\u00a0you\u00a0expect\u00a0the\u00a0depth\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0thermocline\u00a0to\u00a0influence\u00a0the\u00a0ability\u00a0of\u00a0the phytoplankton\u00a0to\u00a0stay\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0euphotic\u00a0zone?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            The thermocline is an oceanic layer where water temperature decreases as the depth increases. Different seasons has different depth of thermocline, which means seawater has different temperature and density. <\/strong>The<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>depth<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>of<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>the euphotic<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>zone<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>varies<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>with<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>season<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>and<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>location<\/strong>, and the euphotic zone can be influenced by the thermocline\u2019s depth. <\/strong>Since the phytoplankton cannot swim because the strong currents and strong gradients in density.<\/strong>Then thermocline\u2019s varied depth and density can be a problem for phytoplankton to stay in the euphotic zone. <\/strong><\/p>\n

              \n
            • During which\u00a0season\u00a0(summer, fall, etc.) would\u00a0you\u00a0expect\u00a0water\u00a0column\u00a0stratification to\u00a0be\u00a0the\u00a0most\u00a0beneficial\u00a0for\u00a0phytoplankton\u00a0primary\u00a0production? Explain\u00a0why.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              I believe that spring and summer will be the best seasons for phytoplankton production. First of all, phytoplankton needs photosynthesis to produce food, so sunshine it\u2019s crucial for them. Therefore spring and summer would be the best season that has strong sunlight which can fulfill their production requirement. Secondly, in the summer with a warm temperature, the thermocline is deeper than in other seasons. The warm water has a low density and cold water has a high density. Thus, during the summertime, there\u2019s a very pronounced stratification. Two kinds of water will not mix together and form a gradient in density. Therefore, I believe that spring and summer are the most beneficial seasons for phytoplankton primary production. <\/strong><\/p>\n

                \n
              • Global\u00a0ocean\u00a0conveyor\u00a0belt\u00a0circulation\u00a0is\u00a0driven\u00a0by\u00a0slight\u00a0differences\u00a0in\u00a0seawater density\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0density\u00a0of\u00a0seawater\u00a0determines\u00a0its\u00a0tendency\u00a0to\u00a0move\u00a0vertically. At \u00a0what\u00a0latitudes\u00a0is\u00a0water\u00a0column\u00a0instability\u00a0great\u00a0enough\u00a0to\u00a0result\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0sinking\u00a0of \u00a0surface\u00a0waters\u00a0to\u00a0thousands\u00a0of\u00a0meters\u00a0of\u00a0depth?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0At higher la<\/b><\/strong>t<\/b><\/strong>itudes. At higher latitudes, the water\u2019s temperature will <\/b><\/strong>decrease<\/b><\/strong>,so the density will increase. Then the high density,cold surface <\/b><\/strong>water<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0will sink to thousands of meters of depth.<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n

                \u00a0<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Asour\u00a0planet\u00a0warms, polar\u00a0surface\u00a0seawater\u00a0is\u00a0getting\u00a0warmer\u00a0and\u00a0fresher. What impact\u00a0could\u00a0this\u00a0have\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0density\u00a0structuring\u00a0or\u00a0stratification\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0ocean? On the\u00a0stability\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0water\u00a0column\u00a0at\u00a0polar\u00a0latitudes\u00a0and\u00a0ocean\u00a0conveyor\u00a0belt circulation?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Because <\/b><\/strong>the<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0global warming, the ice berg melts and adds many freshwater into the ocean. This can lead to a lower sea water salinity and increased stratification. <\/b><\/strong>As our planet warms, polar surface seawater is getting less salty, so <\/b><\/strong>the<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0stability of the water column will be influenced.Besides, the marine life that lives in the polar region will also be influenced.\u00a0<\/b><\/strong>B<\/b><\/strong>e<\/b><\/strong>cause <\/b><\/strong>Global<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong>ocean<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong>conveyor<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong>belt<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong>circulation<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong>is<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong>driven<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong>by<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong>slight<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong>differences<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong>in<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong>seawater density<\/b><\/strong>. As our planet warms ,the seawater salinity decreased and density decreased. T<\/b><\/strong>here<\/b><\/strong>fore, this can destroy the <\/b><\/strong>Global<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong>ocean<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong>conveyor<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong>belt<\/b><\/strong>\u00a0<\/b><\/strong>circulation<\/b><\/strong>.<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  OCEAN\u00a0LAB\u00a0ACTIVITY HOW\u00a0DOES\u00a0SALINITY\u00a0AND\u00a0TEMPERATURE\u00a0CHANGE\u00a0WITH\u00a0WATER\u00a0DEPTH\u00a0OVER\u00a0TIME? Fundamental\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0concept:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Describe\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0how\u00a0\u00a0temperature\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0and\u00a0\u00a0salinity\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0relate\u00a0\u00a0to\u00a0\u00a0density stratification,\u00a0depth\u00a0and\u00a0stability\u00a0of\u00a0water\u00a0masses\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0ocean. The density of seawater increases as the temperature decreases but salinity increases.\u00a0The temperature decreases as the depth increases (getting colder). The salinity increases as the depth increases.\u00a0The seawater with higher density is colder than the seawater with lower density. Density increases as depth increases. (stability) \u00a0 The\u00a0ocean\u00a0is\u00a0layered\u00a0like\u00a0a\u00a0cake\u00a0according\u00a0to\u00a0differences\u00a0in\u00a0temperature\u00a0and\u00a0salinity.\u00a0Temperature\u00a0and\u00a0salinity\u00a0are\u00a0important\u00a0oceanographic\u00a0parameters\u00a0that\u00a0play\u00a0a\u00a0vital\u00a0role\u00a0in driving\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0ocean\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0circulation\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0and\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0the\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0movement\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0of\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0heat\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0energy\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0around\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0the\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0globe.\u00a0Understanding\u00a0\u00a0properties\u00a0\u00a0that\u00a0\u00a0control\u00a0\u00a0the\u00a0\u00a0formation\u00a0\u00a0and\u00a0\u00a0movement\u00a0\u00a0of\u00a0these\u00a0\u00a0different layers\u00a0can\u00a0give\u00a0us\u00a0insight\u00a0into\u00a0the\u00a0effect\u00a0of\u00a0ocean\u00a0circulation\u00a0on\u00a0primary\u00a0productivity\u00a0. The\u00a0\u00a0layering\u00a0\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0\u00a0ocean\u00a0\u00a0(and\u00a0the\u00a0\u00a0differences\u00a0\u00a0in\u00a0\u00a0temperature\u00a0\u00a0and\u00a0\u00a0salinity) \u00a0occur\u00a0\u00a0in response\u00a0to\u00a0processes\u00a0that\u00a0occur\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0surface\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0ocean\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0result\u00a0of\u00a0seasonal change.\u00a0\u00a0The\u00a0\u00a0processes\u00a0\u00a0include\u00a0\u00a0the\u00a0\u00a0gain\u00a0\u00a0or\u00a0\u00a0loss\u00a0\u00a0of\u00a0\u00a0heat, \u00a0increase\u00a0\u00a0in\u00a0\u00a0evaporation\u00a0\u00a0or precipitation, freezing\u00a0and\u00a0thawing\u00a0of\u00a0sea\u00a0\u00a0ice, \u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0\u00a0increase\u00a0\u00a0in\u00a0wind\u00a0strength\u00a0\u00a0and storms\u00a0that\u00a0are\u00a0associated\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0change\u00a0of\u00a0seasons. We\u00a0can\u00a0\u201csee\u201d the\u00a0ocean\u00a0layers by\u00a0measuring\u00a0temperature\u00a0and\u00a0salinity\u00a0with\u00a0depth\u00a0and\u00a0can\u00a0make\u00a0inferences\u00a0about\u00a0the processes\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0ocean\u00a0surface\u00a0by\u00a0observing\u00a0how\u00a0temperature\u00a0and\u00a0salinity\u00a0change\u00a0over time\u00a0at\u00a0a\u00a0location. 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